In system design discussions, the terms Load Balancer, API Gateway, and Reverse Proxy often come up.
Although they are sometimes used interchangeably and their functionalities sometimes overlap, each serve a distinct purpose in backend architecture.
Understanding the differences between these components, their strengths, and when to use them can help you design more scalable, efficient, and maintainable systems.
In this post, we’ll cover:
What each component is and how it works
Core capabilities that set them apart
When to choose a load balancer, reverse proxy, or API gateway
How they can work together
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1. Load Balancer
A load balancer distributes incoming network traffic across multiple backend servers (nodes) to ensure no single server is overwhelmed.
By balancing the load, it helps improve the overall performance, availability, fault tolerance, and scalability of applications.
Examples:, AWS Elastic Load Balancer (ELB), Google Cloud Load Balancing, HAProxy (TCP/HTTP mode)
Key Features of a Load Balancer
1. Traffic Distribution
The core function of a load balancer is to evenly distribute traffic across multiple backend servers. The decision to determine which backend server should handle the request is based on predefined algorithms like:
Round Robin: Requests are sent to servers in a fixed, rotating order
Least Connections: Requests are directed to the server with the fewest active connections
Weighted Distribution: Assigns more traffic to more powerful servers based on configured weights
2. Health Checks
A good load balancer continuously monitors the health and responsiveness of backend servers. If a server is found to be unresponsive, slow, or returning errors, the load balancer temporarily removes it from the rotation.
3. Session Persistence
In some scenarios, it is important for all requests from a particular user to go to the same server during a session. This is known as session persistence or sticky sessions.
Load balancers can use:
IP-based affinity
Cookie-based tracking
to consistently route user requests to the same backend server.
4. SSL Termination
Handling SSL/TLS encryption and decryption can be computationally expensive. A load balancer can offload this task by decrypting incoming HTTPS traffic and forwarding unencrypted requests to the backend servers.
5. High Availability and Failover
Load balancers provide high availability by ensuring that requests are only sent to operational servers. If a server crashes or is taken down for maintenance, the load balancer reroutes traffic to the remaining healthy servers without affecting users.
Many load balancers themselves are deployed in a redundant setup, often with multiple instances across availability zones or regions, to eliminate single points of failure.
Types of Load Balancers
Load balancers can be classified based on the network layer at which they operate in the OSI model. The two most common types are:
1. Layer 4 Load Balancer (Transport Layer)
A Layer 4 load balancer makes routing decisions based on data from the transport layer of the OSI model. It uses information such as:
Source and destination IP addresses
TCP/UDP ports
These load balancers are protocol-agnostic and forward packets without inspecting the content. They are faster and more efficient but less flexible when it comes to intelligent routing.
2. Layer 7 Load Balancer (Application Layer)
A Layer 7 load balancer operates at the application layer and makes decisions based on the content of the request. It can inspect:
HTTP methods
URLs and query strings
Headers and cookies
Application-specific logic
This allows for advanced routing, such as sending requests for /api to one server group and /images to another.
2. Reverse Proxy
A reverse proxy is a server that sits between clients and one or more backend services.
When a client sends a request, the reverse proxy intercepts it. Based on predefined rules, it decides which internal service should handle the request. The proxy then forwards the request to the backend service and returns the response to the client.
To the client, it appears as if all content comes from a single server.
Examples:, NGINX, Apache HTTP Server, HAProxy (Layer 7), Traefik
Key Features of a Reverse Proxy
1. Security and Abstraction
One of the most important roles of a reverse proxy is to shield backend servers from direct access.
It hides IP addresses, port configurations, and other identifying information, making backend services less vulnerable to attacks such as:
DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attacks
Port scanning
Application fingerprinting
2. Centralized SSL/TLS Termination
A reverse proxy can handle SSL/TLS encryption and decryption, allowing all traffic between the client and the proxy to be secure, while traffic from the proxy to backend servers can remain unencrypted (if acceptable within a trusted internal network).
3. Caching of Static and Dynamic Content
Reverse proxies can cache frequently accessed content such as images, JavaScript files, CSS stylesheets, and even HTML pages. By serving cached responses directly, the proxy reduces:
Load on backend servers
Response times for clients
Network bandwidth usage
This is particularly effective for high-traffic websites with large amounts of static or infrequently changing content.
4. Compression
To improve performance and reduce bandwidth usage, reverse proxies often compress server responses before sending them to the client. Common algorithms like Gzip or Brotli shrink the size of the response, speeding up page loads, especially for users on slow connections.
5. Load Balancing Capabilities
Although load balancing is typically considered a separate function, many reverse proxies support built-in load balancing across multiple backend servers.
This overlap allows a reverse proxy to distribute traffic efficiently in addition to routing and caching.
6. URL Rewriting and Routing
Reverse proxies can rewrite incoming URLs before they are forwarded to backend services. This enables:
Clean, user-friendly URLs
Internal path mapping
Seamless routing to microservices
For example, a request to /products could be internally routed to http://product-service.internal/api/v1/items.
Using Both Reverse Proxy and Load Balancer
In real-world systems, reverse proxies and load balancers are often used together, and sometimes a single tool like NGINX can perform both functions.
A typical pattern involves placing a reverse proxy (e.g., NGINX) in front of several load balancers, each of which manages a dedicated group of backend servers:
A client request (e.g., from a browser or mobile app) hits the reverse proxy.
Based on the request path (e.g.,
/orders), the proxy routes the traffic to the appropriate load balancer.The load balancer then forwards the request to one of the healthy servers in its assigned server group.
The selected server processes the request and sends the response back through the chain to the client.
3. API Gateway
An API Gateway is a server that functions as a central entry point for all client interactions with backend services.
It is especially valuable in microservices architectures, where multiple services exist and client requests need to be managed, secured, routed, and orchestrated efficiently.
Examples: Amazon API Gateway, Apigee (Google Cloud), Kong Gateway, Zuul (Netflix)
Key Features of an API Gateway
1. Single Point of Entry
The gateway provides a unified interface for all backend APIs. Instead of exposing every service endpoint to the client, you only expose the gateway’s endpoint.
This simplifies client logic, reduces surface area for attacks, and allows you to evolve internal services without impacting external users.
2. Request Routing
The API Gateway can route incoming requests to the correct backend service based on:
URL path (e.g.,
/api/users→ user service)HTTP method (e.g., POST vs GET)
Request headers or query parameters
Service discovery metadata
3. Authentication and Authorization
An API gateway can centralize security across the system. It can:
Integrate with identity providers (e.g., OAuth 2.0, OpenID Connect)
Validate tokens (e.g., JWT)
Enforce role-based or scope-based access controls
This ensures consistent enforcement of security policies across all backend services, reducing the risk of misconfigured individual services.
4. Rate Limiting and Throttling
An API gateway can protect backend services from overuse or abuse by restricting the number of requests a client can make per time unit. This prevents individual services from being overwhelmed and ensures fair usage.
5. Request and Response Transformation
An API Gateway can transform the format or structure of data as it passes through.
For example:
Add or remove headers
Convert between formats (e.g., XML ↔ JSON)
Filter or reshape response payloads
Modify query parameters or request bodies
This is especially useful when backend services and clients follow different protocols or formats.
6. API Composition and Aggregation
The gateway can aggregate responses from multiple microservices into a single response, reducing the number of round-trips the client needs to make.
For example, a /user-dashboard endpoint can fetch user profile, orders, and notifications from three different services and return them as one payload.
7. Caching
To reduce backend load and improve latency, gateways can cache:
Frequently requested data (e.g., public product listings)
Authentication token validations
Static or slow-changing API responses
This reduces redundant calls and significantly improves scalability.
8. Logging, Monitoring, and Analytics
Gateways provide centralized logging and metrics for all API traffic, including:
Request counts and response times
Error rates and status codes
User behavior and usage patterns
Latency bottlenecks
These insights help with observability, debugging, and performance optimization.
9. Protocol Translation
An API Gateway can translate between different protocols, such as:
HTTP ↔ gRPC
WebSocket ↔ REST
SOAP ↔ REST
This allows clients to use simpler protocols while internal services operate using more efficient ones.
4. When to Choose a Load Balancer, Reverse Proxy, or API Gateway
Below is a breakdown of when to use each based on the goals and requirements of your application:
When to Use a Load Balancer
Use a load balancer when your primary goal is to ensure high availability, scalability, and fault tolerance by distributing incoming traffic across multiple servers or services.
Ideal scenarios:
You are hosting multiple identical instances of a web application or microservice and need to distribute traffic among them.
You want to scale your application horizontally to handle increased traffic.
You need automatic failover so that requests are only routed to healthy backend nodes.
You want to implement traffic distribution strategies (e.g., round-robin, least connections, IP-hash).
You are serving stateless applications, where any instance can handle any request.
You are running containerized services behind an orchestrator (e.g., Kubernetes, ECS) and need internal or external traffic distribution.
When to Use a Reverse Proxy
Use a reverse proxy when you need a flexible traffic router, performance optimizer, or security layer in front of your backend services or web servers.
Ideal scenarios:
You want to hide your backend infrastructure from external clients.
You need SSL/TLS termination to reduce the burden on application servers.
You want to cache static or dynamic content to improve performance.
You need to compress server responses before sending them to the client.
You want to rewrite URLs, add custom headers, or apply routing logic based on the request path.
You are hosting multiple services or applications behind the same domain or IP address.
You want to provide basic load balancing along with caching and routing features.
When to Use an API Gateway
Use an API Gateway when your application exposes multiple APIs or microservices and you need centralized control over security, routing, and API lifecycle management.
Ideal scenarios:
You have a microservices architecture and need a single entry point for all APIs.
You need to enforce authentication and authorization using tokens (e.g., JWT, OAuth2).
You want to apply rate limiting, request quotas, or throttling to protect backend APIs.
You want to transform requests and responses (e.g., modify headers, convert formats).
You want to aggregate responses from multiple microservices into a single API call.
You are exposing APIs to external developers or partners and need API documentation, key management, or a developer portal.
You want to version APIs, manage deprecated routes, or route traffic based on API versions.
4. Can They Work Together?
Yes, absolutely.
In modern, large-scale web architectures, Load Balancer, Reverse Proxy, and API Gateway are often used together as part of a layered infrastructure.
For example:
Applications deployed on AWS often use Amazon API Gateway to manage and secure API traffic, while using Elastic Load Balancer (ELB) to distribute incoming HTTP or TCP traffic across EC2 instances or containers.
NGINX, a highly flexible tool, is frequently used both as a reverse proxy (for SSL termination, caching, and request forwarding) and as a Layer 7 load balancer that distributes traffic based on content-aware routing.
Typical Architecture Using All Three
Here’s how a modern web application can incorporate all three components in a single architecture:
1. Client Request
The journey begins when a user’s browser or mobile application sends a request to your system.
2. Edge Load Balancer (Optional)
A global or regional load balancer (e.g., AWS Route 53 + Global Accelerator, Cloudflare Load Balancer) receives the request. It routes the traffic to the nearest or most responsive data center or region, based on geolocation, latency, or health checks.
3. Reverse Proxy / Web Tier Load Balancer
The request then arrives at a reverse proxy or web-tier load balancer. At this layer, the component may perform several critical tasks:
SSL/TLS termination: Decrypts HTTPS traffic before forwarding it internally
Caching static content: Serves HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and images without hitting backend services
Logging and header manipulation: Adds, removes, or rewrites headers for security or analytics
Load balancing: Distributes traffic to web servers or directly to the API Gateway
4. API Gateway
The request is then forwarded to an API Gateway, which handles API-specific responsibilities, including:
Routing the request to the appropriate microservice or backend API
Authentication and authorization, using mechanisms like OAuth 2.0 or JWT
Rate limiting and throttling to prevent abuse or overload
Request and response transformation, such as reformatting JSON or XML payloads
API version routing to support multiple client versions
Response aggregation from multiple services into a single response payload
5. Internal Load Balancer
Once the API Gateway determines the appropriate microservice, it may forward the request through an internal load balancer or service mesh.
This layer is responsible for:
Distributing traffic evenly across multiple instances of the target microservice
Failover and retry logic in case a particular instance is unhealthy or unresponsive
6. Backend Services / Microservices
Finally, the designated backend service or microservice receives the request. It:
Executes the business logic
Interacts with databases, caches, or other services as needed
Returns the response to the API Gateway, which may further process or format it before sending it back to the client
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Ashish
Thank you so much, an excellent read.
Interesting read